1.
Speaker
2. LCD Screen
3. Select Button - In menu mode, it is used to select options.
4. Channel Select Buttons - or in menu mode to move up or down through menu selections.
5.
MEM /UIC - Used to put selected channels into or remove them from memory. Or to change channel Modes (USA Channels, International Channels, or Canadian Channels - U.I.C.)
6.
PA Public Address - if you have an external (public address) speaker you can press this button to activate and make your announcement.
7.
Step Scan - Press this key to step through the channels you have in memory, or hold it to set the unit to scan through the channels in memory.  It will automatically stop on one when the channel is active.  Consult your radio's instruction manual.
8.
Power / Volume - obvious, turn it on, turn it up or down.
9.
H / L Menu - press to set the unit to high wattage output (H) 25 Watts or low wattage output (L) one watt.  This button is also used to enter the Menu mode.   Consult your radio's instruction manual.
10.
WX Alert - Press this key to listen to the NOAA weather report (consult the 'Weather on your VHF radio' button at the top of this page for more information. Press and Hold the button to place the radio on Weather Alert mode.
11.
16 / 9 / TRI - Press this button briefly to change between channels 16, 9 and the selected channel.  Press and hold to scan through 16, 9 and the selected channel.   Consult your radio's instruction manual.
12.
DISTRESS- In an emergency - a MAYDAY Emergency - lift and press the button underneath the hinged red tab.  You may need to hold it for several seconds. Again consult your radio's instruction manual.  If your radio is connected to a GPS or has a GPS built in, a distress call will automatically be sent which will include your exact location and your MMSI code which will in turn lead the Coast Guard to a description of your vessel.  READ the articles posted on this site regarding EMERGENCIES and DSC by clicking on the appropriate buttons near the top of this page.
13.
SQUELCH - makes the radio's reception more or less sensitive.  Adjust this knob to eliminate background noise when you are receiving no transmission.  Sometimes if a transmission is coming in weak, adjusting this may help - though it can also introduce more background noise which may drown out the weak transmission. 

Here is a depiction of a typical VHF Marine Radio.

Some of the controls are obvious, like the volume control,  some may not be quite so obvious, such as MEM /UIC.  MEM is probably Memory - but what the heck is UIC?  Obviously the radio you own or will own is going to look different from this, so you'll have to (groan) read the instruction manual.  But maybe this can help get you started with the basics.

VHF Radio Controls

1
2
3
1. PTT - Push To Talk button (release to listen)
2. Channel Select - Up and Down
3. 16 / 9 / TRI - Select Channel 16, channel 9 or  selected channel

Typical Microphone Controls

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